Columbian Exchange was the large transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia. It began after 1492, following the voyages of Christopher Columbus. This exchange connected previously separate regions.

Crops such as potatoes and maize moved from the Americas to Europe and beyond. Animals like horses and cattle were brought to the Americas. Diseases such as smallpox also spread, affecting populations.

The Columbian Exchange is studied using historical records and biological evidence. It shows how movement between continents changed environments and populations.