Ancient civilizations were early complex societies that developed thousands of years ago. They included systems such as writing, laws, and organized cities. These civilizations appeared in several regions.

Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and early China are well-known examples. Many of these societies formed near rivers, where water supported farming and settlement. Buildings, tools, and written records show how people lived.

Ancient civilizations are studied through archaeology and historical records. Artifacts, ruins, and inscriptions provide information about these early societies.