The Olmec period in Mesoamerica lasted from about 1200 BCE to 400 BCE. It took place in southern Mexico and is linked to one of the earliest civilizations in the region. The Olmec are known for creating large stone sculptures.

Huge carved heads made from basalt stone have been found at sites like San Lorenzo and La Venta. These heads can weigh several tons and may represent leaders. The Olmec also developed early systems of writing and calendars.

Archaeological evidence shows planned cities and trade networks. Later civilizations such as the Maya were influenced by Olmec culture and ideas.