Modernization is the process of changing to more advanced systems and technologies. It often includes industrialization, urbanization, and new forms of communication. This process has taken place in many countries.

During the 1800s and 1900s, railways, factories, and electricity became more common. Cities expanded as people moved for work. New inventions changed how people lived and worked in daily life.

Modernization is studied using economic data, technology records, and historical sources. It shows how societies develop and change over time.