Trans-Saharan trade was a system of trade routes that crossed the Sahara Desert in Africa. It was active from about 700 CE to the 1500s CE. These routes connected West Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean region.

Traders traveled in camel caravans, which could carry goods across long desert distances. Items such as gold, salt, and other materials were exchanged. Trading cities developed along these routes and became centers of activity.

This trade supported the growth of empires such as Ghana and Mali. It is studied through historical accounts and archaeological findings.