Roman Empire began in 27 BCE when Augustus became the first emperor. It followed the Roman Republic and marked a new form of rule. The empire controlled large areas across Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East.

Rome was the main capital, and later Constantinople became an important center in the east. Roman engineers built long roads, aqueducts, and cities with public buildings such as baths and arenas. Roman law was written and used across many regions.

A long period called the Pax Romana lasted about 200 years and was known for relative stability. The western part of the empire ended in 476 CE.