Kingdoms are areas of land ruled by a king or queen. They include people, land, and a central system of leadership. Kingdoms have existed in many parts of the world.

In ancient Egypt, pharaohs ruled large kingdoms along the Nile River. In medieval Europe and parts of Africa and Asia, kingdoms were often passed down through royal families. These societies included armies, laws, and systems of control.

Kingdoms are studied in history. Evidence includes written records, monuments, and artifacts that show systems of leadership and organization.